HBOT upregulated SIRT-1, PGC-1α, and TFAM—keys that “switch on” mitochondrial production—along with VDAC, signaling more and better power plants inside neurons. In parallel, it reduced NF-κB–driven inflammatory proteins (COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α) and limited apoptosis markers (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3).